What is the process of breaking down organic matter after death called?

The process of breaking down organic matter after death is known as decomposition. This term encompasses the overall process that leads to the breakdown of dead organisms into simpler organic or inorganic matter through the actions of microorganisms, insects, and other decomposers. Decomposition is a vital ecological process as it recycles nutrients back into the environment, allowing for the continuation of life.

Putrefaction is a specific stage within the broader category of decomposition, involving the breakdown of proteins in the presence of bacteria, leading to the production of gases and foul smells. Autolysis refers to the process by which cells self-digest due to the action of enzymes after death. While necrosis is a term used to describe tissue death due to disease or injury, it does not pertain to the post-mortem breakdown of the entire organism. Thus, decomposition accurately represents the complete and natural process involved in returning organic matter to the ecosystem following death.